This textbook submits the modern data on all aspects of structure and functions of the immune system in norm and pathology. The most recent knowledge about innate immunity and the mechanisms of generation of adoptive immunity is presented at the organismic, cellular and molecular genetic levels. The information about the immune cell populations, the structure of immunocyte receptors, the intracellular signaling pathways, major histocompatibility complex, immunity genetic control, immunologic memory is given. The immune deficiencies, allergic and autoimmune diseases are reviewed. The possibility of phenotypic correction of genetically controlled immunity by the immunotropic drugs is shown. The textbook is supplied with the test examination program on CD. The textbook is intended for students, postgraduates, lecturers, practical physicians and scientific researchers engaged in various fields of medicine and biology.
Introduction
PART I
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
Chapter 1. Main concepts
Organism protective systems
The concept of immunity
Definition of "adaptive immunity"
Immune response
Immunocompetent cells
Objectives of immunology
Chapter 2. Components of the immune system
Thymus
Lymph nodes
Spleen
Liver
Lymphoid tissue of mucous and skin
Chapter 3. Mechanisms of innate immunity
Receptors that recognize "nonself"
Signaling through Toll-like receptors (TLR)
Natural killers
The complement system
Phagocytosis
Endogenous antimicrobial peptides
Type I interferons
Factors of innate resistance against infections
Chapter 4. Immune response
Features of adaptive immune response
Stages of immune response
Mechanisms of cell interactions in immune response
Molecules of intercellular adhesion
Cytokines
Chemokines
Receptors for cytokines and chemokines
Immunological memory
Chapter 5. Antibodies. B-lymphocytes
Antigens
Antibodies
Immunoglobulins
Immunoglobulin classes
Immunoglobulin structure
Antigen binding
Immunoglobulin genes
Genes of variable domains
Constant domain genes
Immunoglobulin class (isotype) switching
B-lymphocytes
B-cell antigen receptor (BCR)
Coreceptor complex
B-lymphocyte differentiation
Natural antibodies
Chapter 6. T-lymphocytes
T-cell antigen receptor (TCR)
TCR genes
CD4 and CD8 coreceptor molecules
Signaling from lymphocyte immune receptors
T-lymphocyte differentiation
T-helper subpopulation
Types of immune response
T?? lymphocytes and thymus-independent antigens
Chapter 7. Antigen-presenting cells
Major histocompatibility complex
Genes of MHC complex
MHC transmembrane glycoproteins
Genetic polymorphism
"Peptide Ag - MHC-I" or "Peptide antigen - MHC-II" complexes
Superantigens
Antigen-presenting CD1 molecules
Antigen-presenting cells
Dendritic cells
Interactions between T- and B-lymphocytes
Factors to determine the immune deviation
Type I immune inflammation
Type II immune inflammation
Chapter 8. Effector mechanisms of immunity
Antibody-dependent mechanisms of protection
Complement components
Fc-receptors
Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity
Immediate-type hypersensitivity
Relict properties of antibodies
T-lymphocyte-dependent effector mechanisms
Delayed-type hypersensitivity
Chapter 9. Inhibition of the immune system
Inhibitory receptors
Apoptosis
Suppression of immune response
Immunological tolerance
Transplantation
Transplant rejection
Major histocompatibility complex
Immunologically privileged sites
Immune system and glucocorticoids
PART II
IMMUNE SYSTEM AND PATHOLOGY
Chapter 10. Classification of pathological processes
Immune status
Chapter 11. Primary immune deficiencies
Immunnoglobulin defects
X-linked Bruton's agammaglobulinemia
X-linked agammaglobulinemia with M hyperimmunoglobulinemia
syndrome
General variable immune deficiency
Immunoglobulin A deficiency
T-lymphocyte defects
Severe combined immune deficiencies
Bare lymphocyte syndrome
DiGeorge syndrome
X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome
Ataxia-telangiectasia
Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome
Phagocytosis defects
Chronic granulomatous disease
Complement system defects
Diseases associated with complement component deficiencies
Deficiency of mannose-binding lectin
Chapter 12. Secondary Immune Deficiencies
Etiologic factors
Chronic fatigue syndrome
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome
Etiology
Clinical manifestation
Laboratory diagnostics
Treatment
Chemotherapy
Treatment of indicative diseases
Pharmaceutical prophylaxis
Immune therapy
Chapter 13. Allergic diseases
Allergens
Terminology
Hypersensitivity reaction types
Allergic rhinitis
Bronchial asthma
Atopic dermatitis
Systemic anaphylaxis
Food allergy
Urticaria and angioneurotic edema
Allergic and non-allergic reactions to drugs
Organ-specific manifestations of the reactions to drugs
Treatment approaches
Algorithm of allergic disease diagnostics and treatment
Chapter 14. Autoimmune diseases
Etiology and pathogenesis
Endocrine glands diseases
Autoimmune hyperthyroidism
Autoimmune goiter
Type 1 diabetes mellitus
Adrenocortical insufficiency
Cushing's disease
Gastrointestinal tract diseases
Gastritis and pernicious anemia
Celiac disease
Inflammatory intestinal diseases
Hepatitis
Autoimmune hepatic diseases
Blood diseases
Autoimmune hemolytic anemia
Drug-induced hemolysis
Neonatal hemolytic disease
Hemolysis in transfusion complications
Idiopathic autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura
Nervous system diseases with immune inflammation component
Multiple sclerosis
Severe pseudoparalytic myasthenia
Primary systemic vasculitis
Wegener's granulomatosis
Microscopic polyangiitis
Polyarteritis nodosa
Churg-Strauss syndrome
Sch?nlein-Henoch purpura
Giant cell arteritis
Takayasu's arteritis
Kawasaki's disease
Beh?et's disease
Chapter 15. Principles of immunotherapy
Replacement therapy
Immunosuppressive therapy
Immunostimulating therapy
Vaccination
Chapter 16. Epilogue
PART III
APPENDIX
Immunoglobulins
Immunological parameters of blood
CD marker antigens
Therapeutic drugs
Abbreviations